Mapping the Philippines after typhoon Haiyan
When Typhoon Haiyan, known as Yolanda in the Philippines, struck the South East coast of the country six months ago, on November 8, 2013, it devastated entire communities – tearing apart thousands of homes and destroying livelihoods. Many of those worst hit were ‘informal’ unplanned homes, situated at or near the water’s edge.
One of the humanitarian organisations that stepped up to help was Swiss-based Medair, which is dedicated to relieving human suffering in some of the world’s most remote and badly affected places. However after arriving in the country just 48 hours after Yolanda struck and conducting their initial assessments, the Medair team soon discovered that accurate, up-to-date maps of the region didn’t exist, with communities often having to rely on either hand-drawn maps or outdated Google versions.
This data gap is why Medair asked Drones For Earth to get involved.
- Create detailed 2D base maps and 3D terrain models of Tacloban, Dulag and Julita municipalities
- Assess typhoon damage and plan shelter reconstruction
We then further expanded our activities, visiting different communities on or near the East coast of Leyte island and providing leaders with physical high-resolution maps they could use to assess the situations in their communities and plan reconstruction efforts based on current, accurate data.
Mapping Dulag
Known as ‘Liberation Town’, Dulag is a settlement of 50,000 residents, located 36 km (22 miles) south of the administrative capital of Leyte island, Tacloban. Typhoon Haiyan made landfall just south of Dulag.
Dulag was where Medair started its work, rolling out a project to provide the most vulnerable families in the municipality with what the organization calls ‘core homes’. These dwellings offer a family disaster-proof foundations, a strong wooden frame, and a roof. But that is all. Each family must then – with support from Medair – take ownership of its future by completing the rest of the home itself; creating all the walls, floors and interior features they require. To date, Medair has built 600 shelters, providing 3,000 people with homes.
When Medair first contacted Drones For Earth, its team had already started to collect geographic data, marking down for example the GPS co-ordinates of homes in the area and recording family details for each. However what staff were missing was up-to-date, high-resolution base maps that they could use to assess villages, see where people are currently living, monitor reconstruction work and more.
The Medair team did have access to existing local maps, produced most likely through local ground assessments, however these were not geographically accurate, for example in terms of road locations and distances.
Medair staff were also keen to assess the local environmental damage caused by Yolanda, since many local livelihoods depend on natural resources such as coconut trees. Many trees had either been decapitated by the typhoon or completely uprooted, with whole forests completely wiped out in some areas. Therefore we also mapped these regions, shown below, as part of our work in Dulag.
The white lines shown here are uprooted coconut trees, which form the livelihood of many Dulag municipality residents.
The Gift of Geography
Aside from working with Medair to assess storm damage and create base maps, our team also produced physical maps to gift to four different communities on the island: Barangay 105, Julita, Dulag and Cabacongan.
Our approach before arriving in an area was to start by getting local buy-in. So we would first contact the local ‘barangay’ (barrio) captain – effectively the village mayor – to explain who we were and what kind of data we could offer.
The response was always positive.
Leaders were excited by the opportunity of having their own accurate maps. Captains and their teams might only be using hand-drawn maps at present – never mind having computers with internet access – but they all understand how much value up-to-date, highly accurate geographic information can bring and the transformative effect proper maps could have on their work.
Our typical workflow was to arrive on-site in the morning, fly our drones, and then process the several hundred images we acquired in the evening. We would then visit the nearest local print shop and print the resulting map on a giant tarpaulin sheet, presenting this to barangay leaders the next day.
It is difficult to overstate what a difference it makes to give a community a real, physical map. With a large high-resolution photo in their hands people have something they can gather around and start using right away. And while many towns don’t have staff who know how to work with geographic information systems (GIS) – and drone data outputs like 3D digital surface models – everyone can appreciate and benefit from an accurate bird’s-eye view of their community.
Meeting the Mayor
Before we left the Philippines, we also headed further up North to Tacloban, the capital of the Eastern Visayas region, to meet Mayor Alfred Romualdez.
The city is home to 200,000 people and was all but destroyed by the typhoon and its resulting storm surges. Numerous families lost their homes, particularly those who had built in unsafe, unplanned locations – so called ‘informal’ developments – near the seafront.
Following the creation of a new planning law that bans the building of homes within 40 metres (131 ft) of the waterfront, the mayor had assigned a large unused plot of land, near Barangay 105, to re-house displaced families. This area is sub-divided into numerous plots. Each one is sponsored by a different donor organisation, responsible for building their part of this resilient new community.
Since the mayor’s existing map of the region was far from perfect, our goal role was to produce a high-definition image – hosted online – which both Mayor Romualdez’s team and donor organizations could use to make better decisions and more accurately direct their reconstruction efforts.
Several drone flights later and the two images below show the difference in accuracy achieved between the mayor’s previous map and his new drone-sourced image of the same area.
Project Statistics
During the course of our six-day trip, our two-man team, together with our Medair partners, flew 29 drone mapping flights in total with a combined flight time of 11.6 hours. We mapped 48.6 sq km (18.8 sq mi) of land and acquired 5,139 images.
These images were used to create four high-resolution maps – of Barangay 105, Cabacongan, Julita and Dulag – plus seven additional low-res versions of surrounding countryside. The typical ground resolution of these orthomosaics was 5 cm (1.96 in) per pixel for villages and 8-10 cm (3.1 – 3.9 in) for larger areas.
The value of our mission was perhaps best summed up by one of Medair’s own staff, Rob Fielding. In the organization’s report on its first drone mapping experience – online here – Rob comments, “Drones do not have a good reputation. People associate them with the military and think of them as weapons, but they can also be used for good. We are using the images taken by the drones to carry out damage assessments, to identify land that could be safer to relocate families to and to see where recovery efforts are taking place. Relief organisations are increasingly using drones to provide services not otherwise possible, and we intend to use them in response to future emergencies.”
The Drones For Earth team used senseFly eBee mapping drones and Pix4D software for data processing and orthomosaic generation. A special thanks to our friends at Mapbox for hosting all our data online.